![]() ![]() By the end of the period, the English and French were engaged in a 100-year war. The development of new English political institutions included the issuance of the Magna Carta. Whether defending national territory against invaders or participating in the Crusades, the aristocracy was intimately involved in warfare.Įngland was invaded by William the Conqueror. The leaders of European society during this period were the men who engaged in warfare. The cities that were situated along trade routes, either on rivers or on the coasts, experienced exceptional growth. This helped rejuvenate Europe's cities and create a new class of merchants and craftsmen. The majority of agricultural products were grown on enormous manorial estates farmed by serfs.ĭuring this period, trade between cities in Europe and beyond was rekindled. The revival, partially the result of improved climatic conditions, led to higher standards of living and a vastly increased population. This era was also one of economic revival. London, Paris Cologne and other important cities were either established or experienced significant growth during this period. It was a period of growth for the cities, as well. ![]() The major nation-states that were to dominate in Western Europe for the rest of the millennium - England, France Germany and Russia - were founded during the High Middle Ages. The foundations of Europe as it is known today were set. The High Middle Ages were a time of tremendous growth in Europe. ![]()
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